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There are so-called primitive cultures in the jungles of the Amazon and on the island of New Guinea, and there are so-called advanced cultures in Europe, Asia, and Africa, but the languages of these cultures are all equally advanced and complex.
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Vocabulary list

amazon
noun
  1. Amazon (river, rainforest etc.)
  2. Amazon (woman of Greek mythology)
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ya
particle
  1. such things as ...; and ... and (used for non-exhaustive lists related to a specific time and place)
  2. the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as (after the dictionary form of a verb)
copula
  1. be; is
interjection
  1. o; oh (punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.)
  2. huh; what (interjection expressing surprise)
  3. hi
  4. yes; what?
particle
  1. yes?; no?; is it?; isn't it? (indicates a question)
nyuuginia
noun
  1. New Guinea
tou
suffix
  1. Island (in place names)
noun, used as a suffix, noun
  1. insula; island; islet (sometimes read しま)
niha
expression, particle
  1. to; for; on; in; at (emphasises word marked by に)
  2. in order to; for
  3. as for; regarding (indicates respect for subject of sentence)
  4. while it is (was) the case that ...; indeed ... (but); certainly ... (but) (as AにはAが...; emphasizes the repeated word, followed by a contrasting statement)
ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
iwayuru
pre-noun adjectival
  1. what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
genshiteki
na adjective
  1. primitive; original
genshi
noun, no adjective
  1. origin; beginning; genesis
no adjective, noun
  1. primeval; primordial; primitive
teki
suffix, na adjective
  1. -ical; -ive; -al; -ic; -y (used to form adjectives from nouns)
  2. -like; -ish; -sort of; -kind of
  3. (something) like; along the lines of (used similarly to a quoting particle, esp. as 的な or 的なこと)
  4. -wise; in terms of; for; from the viewpoint of; from a ... standpoint; as far as ... is concerned (after a noun or pronoun, esp. adverbially as ~に(は))
suffix
  1. Mr.; Ms.; Mrs. (used as a form of address with names, work titles, etc. to denote either light disdain or familiarity)
na
particle
  1. don't (prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb)
  2. do (imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb)
interjection
  1. hey; listen; you
particle
  1. now, ...; well, ...; I tell you!; you know (when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end)
  2. wow; ooh (used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end)
bunka
noun
  1. culture; civilization; civilisation
  2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
ari
no adjective, noun
  1. existing (at the present moment)
na adjective, noun
  1. alright; acceptable; passable
irregular ru verb, intransitive verb
  1. to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
ya
particle
  1. such things as ...; and ... and (used for non-exhaustive lists related to a specific time and place)
  2. the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as (after the dictionary form of a verb)
copula
  1. be; is
interjection
  1. o; oh (punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.)
  2. huh; what (interjection expressing surprise)
  3. hi
  4. yes; what?
particle
  1. yes?; no?; is it?; isn't it? (indicates a question)
ya
particle
  1. such things as ...; and ... and (used for non-exhaustive lists related to a specific time and place)
  2. the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as (after the dictionary form of a verb)
copula
  1. be; is
interjection
  1. o; oh (punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.)
  2. huh; what (interjection expressing surprise)
  3. hi
  4. yes; what?
particle
  1. yes?; no?; is it?; isn't it? (indicates a question)
niha
expression, particle
  1. to; for; on; in; at (emphasises word marked by に)
  2. in order to; for
  3. as for; regarding (indicates respect for subject of sentence)
  4. while it is (was) the case that ...; indeed ... (but); certainly ... (but) (as AにはAが...; emphasizes the repeated word, followed by a contrasting statement)
ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
iwayuru
pre-noun adjectival
  1. what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
shinpo
noun, suru verb
  1. progress; advance; improvement; development
suru

Plain Past Indicative Form

shita
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
bunka
noun
  1. culture; civilization; civilisation
  2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
aru
godan verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be; to exist; to live (usu. of inanimate objects)
  2. to have
  3. to be located
  4. to be equipped with
  5. to happen; to come about
shikashi
conjunction
  1. however; but
kono
pre-noun adjectival
  1. this (something or someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or ideas expressed by the speaker)
  2. last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this (in ref. to a stretch of time or date)
  3. you (as in "you liar") (emphatic, accusatory, insulting)
izure
adverb, pronoun
  1. where; which; who
  2. anyway; anyhow; at any rate
adverb
  1. sooner or later; eventually; one of these days; at some future date or time
pronoun
  1. both; either; any; all; whichever
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bunka
noun
  1. culture; civilization; civilisation
  2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
gengo
noun
  1. language
mo
particle
  1. too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence)
  2. both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) (as AもBも)
  3. even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than (used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.)
  4. even if; even though; although; in spite of (often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.)
adverb
  1. further; more; again; another; the other
onajiyou
na adjective
  1. similar
onaji
noun or verb acting prenominally, noun
  1. same; identical; equal; uniform; equivalent; similar; common (origin); changeless; alike
adverb
  1. anyway; anyhow; in either case (usu. part of a 'nara' conditional)
youni
expression
  1. in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as)
  2. hoping or wishing for something
you
noun, used as a suffix, noun
  1. appearing ...; looking ... (usu. after the -masu stem of a verb)
  2. way to ...; method of ...ing (usu. after the -masu stem of a verb)
  3. form; style; design (usu. after a noun)
  4. like; similar to (usu. after a noun)
noun
  1. thing (thought or spoken)
ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
shinpo
noun, suru verb
  1. progress; advance; improvement; development
suru

te-form

shite
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
Suffix after the te form of a verb
oru

masu stem

ori
godan verb, auxiliary verb
  1. to be ..ing (after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state)
fukuzatsu
na adjective, noun
  1. complex; complicated; intricate; mixed (feelings)
nanodearu
auxiliary
  1. it is assuredly (that)...; can say with confidence that it is...
nano
expression
  1. that's the way it is; yes (at sentence-end with falling intonation; used to make an assertion)
  2. is that so?; is it? (at sentence-end with rising intonation)
na
particle
  1. don't (prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb)
  2. do (imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb)
interjection
  1. hey; listen; you
particle
  1. now, ...; well, ...; I tell you!; you know (when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end)
  2. wow; ooh (used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end)
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dearu
copula, godan verb (irregular)
  1. be; is
de
particle
  1. at; in (indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form)
  2. at; when (indicates time of action)
  3. by; with (indicates means of action)
conjunction
  1. and then; so
auxiliary
  1. and; then (indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types)
particle
  1. let me tell you; don't you know (at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.)
aru
godan verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be; to exist; to live (usu. of inanimate objects)
  2. to have
  3. to be located
  4. to be equipped with
  5. to happen; to come about

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