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Furigana Show|Add to ▼ Source Totoeba Project
It drew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on doors of perfect strangers, and from the millions of Americans who volunteered and organized and proved that more than two centuries later a government of the people, by the people, and for the people has not perished from the Earth.
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Vocabulary list

aruiha
conjunction
  1. or; either ... or
adverb
  1. maybe; perhaps; possibly
  2. some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ... (as あるいは...あるいは...)
sorehodo
adverb
  1. to that degree; to that extent; that much
wakai

Plain Present Indicative Negative Form

wakakunai
i adjective
  1. young; youthful
  2. immature; green
  3. low (number); small
hitotachi
noun
  1. people
hito
noun
  1. man; person
  2. human being; mankind; people
  3. human (Homo sapiens); humans as a species
  4. character; personality
  5. man of talent; true man
  6. another person; other people; others
  7. adult
tachi
suffix
  1. pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
itetsuku
godan verb, intransitive verb
  1. to freeze
samui

Nominalized Objective Form

samusa
i adjective
  1. cold (e.g. weather)
  2. uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull; weak; corny
to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
yaketsuku
godan verb, intransitive verb
  1. to burn
atsui

Nominalized Objective Form

atsusa
i adjective
  1. hot; warm; sultry; heated
  2. passionate; impassioned; burning (desire, etc.)
  3. on everybody's mind; on the radar; du jour; interested (gaze, etc.)
nimo
expression
  1. also; too; not ... either; as well; even
  2. (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise (after the volitional or dictionary form of verb)
ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
mo
particle
  1. too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence)
  2. both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) (as AもBも)
  3. even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than (used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.)
  4. even if; even though; although; in spite of (often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.)
adverb
  1. further; more; again; another; the other
hirumu

Formal Present Indicative Negative Form

hirumazu
godan verb, intransitive verb
  1. to falter; to flinch (from); to recoil (from); to quail (at)
ie
noun
  1. house; residence; dwelling
  2. family; household
  3. lineage; family name
kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
ie
noun
  1. house; residence; dwelling
  2. family; household
  3. lineage; family name
heto
expression, particle
  1. to; towards; for (へ with emphasis on what follows)
he
particle
  1. to; towards; for (indicates direction or goal; pronounced え in modern Japanese)
to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
akanotanin
expression, noun
  1. complete stranger; total stranger
aka
noun
  1. red; crimson; scarlet
  2. red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange)
  3. Red (i.e. communist) (often written as アカ)
  4. red light (traffic)
  5. red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
no adjective
  1. complete; total; perfect; obvious
noun
  1. copper
  2. red 5-point card
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tanin
noun
  1. another person; other people; others
  2. unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood)
  3. outsider; stranger
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
doa
noun
  1. door (Western-style, car, etc.)
wo
particle
  1. indicates direct object of action
  2. indicates subject of causative expression
  3. indicates an area traversed
  4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place
  5. indicates point of departure or separation of action
  6. indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
nokku
noun, suru verb
  1. knock; knocking
  2. fungo hitting; hitting balls for fielding practice
suru

te-form

shite
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
Suffix after the te form of a verb
kureru

Plain Past Indicative Form

kureta
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
  1. to do for one; to take the trouble to do (after the -te form of a verb)
  2. to do to someone's disadvantage (after the -te form of a verb)
hitotachi
noun
  1. people
hito
noun
  1. man; person
  2. human being; mankind; people
  3. human (Homo sapiens); humans as a species
  4. character; personality
  5. man of talent; true man
  6. another person; other people; others
  7. adult
tachi
suffix
  1. pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
chikara
noun
  1. force; strength; might; vigour; vigor; energy
  2. capability; ability; proficiency; capacity; faculty
  3. efficacy; effect
  4. effort; endeavours; endeavors; exertions
  5. power; authority; influence; good offices; agency
  6. support; help; aid; assistance
  7. stress; emphasis
  8. means; resources
wo
particle
  1. indicates direct object of action
  2. indicates subject of causative expression
  3. indicates an area traversed
  4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place
  5. indicates point of departure or separation of action
  6. indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
eru

Polite Past Indicative Form

emashita
ichidan verb, transitive verb
  1. to get; to earn; to acquire; to procure; to gain; to secure; to attain; to obtain; to win (獲る esp. refers to catching wild game, etc.)
  2. to understand; to comprehend
  3. to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb, transitive verb
  1. to be able to ..., can ... (after the -masu stem of a verb)
borantia
noun, suru verb
  1. volunteer
tonaru

te-form

tonatte
expression, godan verb
  1. to become; to amount to
to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
naru

te-form

natte
godan verb, intransitive verb
  1. to become; to get; to grow; to be; to reach; to attain
  2. to result in; to prove to be
  3. to consist of; to be composed of
  4. to succeed; to be complete
  5. to change into; to be exchanged for
  6. to play a role
  7. to be promoted
godan verb
  1. to do ... (as お+masu-stem+になる, ご+noun+になる, etc.)
soshiki
noun, suru verb
  1. organization; organisation; formation
  2. structure; construction; setup; constitution
noun
  1. system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.)
  2. tissue
  3. texture (of a rock)
noun, suru verb
  1. weave (of a fabric)
wo
particle
  1. indicates direct object of action
  2. indicates subject of causative expression
  3. indicates an area traversed
  4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place
  5. indicates point of departure or separation of action
  6. indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
tsukuru

te-form

tsukutte
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct (造る usu. for large-scale building, manufacturing, etc.; 創る usu. for creating)
  2. to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
  3. to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
  4. to till
  5. to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
  6. to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
  7. to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
  8. to have (a child)
  9. to make up (one's face, etc.)
  10. to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
  11. to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
  12. to form (a line, etc.)
  13. to set (a record)
  14. to commit (a sin, etc.)
katsudou
noun, suru verb
  1. activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action
noun
  1. movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
suru

Plain Past Indicative Form

shita
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
nin
counter
  1. counter for people
toiu
expression
  1. called; named; that says; that
  2. as many as; as much as (after a quantity)
  3. all ...; every single ... (as ...という...)
amerikajin
noun
  1. American person
amerika
noun
  1. America
  2. United States of America
jin
suffix
  1. -ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite) (indicates nationality, race, origin, etc.)
  2. -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ... (indicates expertise (in a certain field))
  3. man; person; people (usu. in compound words)
kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
chikara
noun
  1. force; strength; might; vigour; vigor; energy
  2. capability; ability; proficiency; capacity; faculty
  3. efficacy; effect
  4. effort; endeavours; endeavors; exertions
  5. power; authority; influence; good offices; agency
  6. support; help; aid; assistance
  7. stress; emphasis
  8. means; resources
wo
particle
  1. indicates direct object of action
  2. indicates subject of causative expression
  3. indicates an area traversed
  4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place
  5. indicates point of departure or separation of action
  6. indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
eru

Polite Past Indicative Form

emashita
ichidan verb, transitive verb
  1. to get; to earn; to acquire; to procure; to gain; to secure; to attain; to obtain; to win (獲る esp. refers to catching wild game, etc.)
  2. to understand; to comprehend
  3. to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb, transitive verb
  1. to be able to ..., can ... (after the -masu stem of a verb)
kenkoku
noun, suru verb
  1. founding of a nation
kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
nihyakunen
  1. two hundred years; 200 years
nen
noun
  1. year
counter
  1. counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school)
noun
  1. period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
ijou
noun, adverb
  1. not less than; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
  2. beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
no adjective, noun, adverb
  1. above-mentioned; aforementioned; foregoing
noun, adverb
  1. since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
expression
  1. that's all; that is the end; the end
tattaima
adverb
  1. just now; a moment ago; this very minute
demo
conjunction
  1. but; however; though; nevertheless; still; yet; even so; also; as well
particle
  1. even
  2. however; no matter how; even if; even though
  3. ... or something
  4. either ... or ...; neither ... nor ... (as 〜でも〜でも)
prefix
  1. pseudo-; quack; in-name-only (before an occupation, etc.)
  2. for lack of anything better to do (before an occupation, etc.)
jinmin
noun
  1. the people; citizens; the populace
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
jinmin
noun
  1. the people; citizens; the populace
niyoru
expression, godan verb
  1. by means of; due to; because of; according to
jinmin
noun
  1. the people; citizens; the populace
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tame
noun, adverb
  1. good; advantage; benefit; welfare
  2. sake; purpose; objective; aim
  3. consequence; result; effect
  4. affecting; regarding; concerning
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seifu
noun
  1. government; administration
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
kono
pre-noun adjectival
  1. this (something or someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or ideas expressed by the speaker)
  2. last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this (in ref. to a stretch of time or date)
  3. you (as in "you liar") (emphatic, accusatory, insulting)
chijou
noun, no adjective
  1. above ground; on the ground; earth's surface
  2. this world; this earth
kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
kiesaru

te-form

kiesatte
godan verb
  1. to disappear; to vanish
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
iru

Plain Present Indicative Negative Form

inai
ichidan verb, intransitive verb
  1. to be (of animate objects); to exist
  2. to stay
ichidan verb, auxiliary verb
  1. to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing (after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state)
noda
expression
  1. the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ... (の and ん add emphasis)
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
da
copula
  1. be; is (plain copula)
auxiliary verb
  1. did; (have) done (た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action)
  2. please; do (indicates light imperative)
to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
shoumei
noun, suru verb
  1. proof; testimony; demonstration; verification; certification
suru

te-form

shite
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
Suffix after the te form of a verb
kureru

Plain Past Indicative Form

kureta
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
  1. to do for one; to take the trouble to do (after the -te form of a verb)
  2. to do to someone's disadvantage (after the -te form of a verb)
souiu
pre-noun adjectival
  1. such; like that; that sort of; very
hitotachi
noun
  1. people
hito
noun
  1. man; person
  2. human being; mankind; people
  3. human (Homo sapiens); humans as a species
  4. character; personality
  5. man of talent; true man
  6. another person; other people; others
  7. adult
tachi
suffix
  1. pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
chikara
noun
  1. force; strength; might; vigour; vigor; energy
  2. capability; ability; proficiency; capacity; faculty
  3. efficacy; effect
  4. effort; endeavours; endeavors; exertions
  5. power; authority; influence; good offices; agency
  6. support; help; aid; assistance
  7. stress; emphasis
  8. means; resources
wo
particle
  1. indicates direct object of action
  2. indicates subject of causative expression
  3. indicates an area traversed
  4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place
  5. indicates point of departure or separation of action
  6. indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
eru

Plain Past Indicative Form

eta
ichidan verb, transitive verb
  1. to get; to earn; to acquire; to procure; to gain; to secure; to attain; to obtain; to win (獲る esp. refers to catching wild game, etc.)
  2. to understand; to comprehend
  3. to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb, transitive verb
  1. to be able to ..., can ... (after the -masu stem of a verb)
nodesu
expression
  1. the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ... (の and ん add emphasis)
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
da

Polite Present Indicative Form

desu
copula
  1. be; is (plain copula)
auxiliary verb
  1. did; (have) done (た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action)
  2. please; do (indicates light imperative)

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