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Furigana Show|Add to ▼ Source Totoeba Project
Although the paper was much longer than last year's a few students managed to finish.
Romaji Hide

Vocabulary list

ronbun
noun
  1. thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
kyonen
noun, adverb
  1. last year
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yori
particle
  1. than
  2. from; out of; since; at; on
  3. except; but; other than
adverb
  1. more
nagai

Plain Past Indicative Form

nagakatta
i adjective
  1. long (distance, length)
  2. long (time); protracted; prolonged
ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
suunin
noun, no adjective
  1. several people; a few people
suu
prefix
  1. several; a number of
noun, noun, used as a suffix
  1. quantity; amount
noun
  1. counting; figures; numbers
  2. number; numeral; figure
  3. grammatical number
  4. destiny; fate; course of events; trend
nin
counter
  1. counter for people
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
gakusei
noun
  1. student (esp. a university student)
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
nanto
adverb
  1. what; how
  2. what (a) ...!; how ...! (indicates surprise, admiration, etc.)
  3. surprisingly; to my amazement; believe it or not; why, ...!
interjection
  1. oh my; wow
  2. well, ...; so, ... (used when asking for confirmation or approval)
kasuru

masu stem

kashi
suru verb (special class), suffix
  1. to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
kasuru

masu stem

kashi
suru verb (special class)
  1. to inflict; to impose (a fine, etc.)
kasu

masu stem

kashi
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to levy; to charge; to assess; to impose; to assign
kasuru

masu stem

kashi
suru verb (special class), transitive verb
  1. to levy; to charge; to assess; to impose; to assign
kasu
kasu

masu stem

kashi
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to lend; to loan
  2. to rent out; to hire out
kasu

masu stem

kashi
godan verb, intransitive verb
  1. to change into; to convert to; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
kasuru

masu stem

kashi
suru verb (special class)
  1. to wed; to be married
  2. to shift blame to someone else
kasu

masu stem

kashi
godan verb
  1. to inflict; to impose (a fine, etc.)
kasu

masu stem

kashi
godan verb
  1. to wed; to be married
  2. to shift blame to someone else
kasu

masu stem

kashi
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to grant; to allow; to forgive
kasuru

masu stem

kashi
suru verb (special class), transitive verb
  1. to span (e.g. a stream with a bridge)
Suffix after the masu stem of a verb
ageru

Plain Past Indicative Form

ageta
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
  1. to complete ... (after the -masu stem of a verb)
  2. to humbly do ... (after the -masu stem of a humble verb to increase the level of humility)

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