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In other cultures, the balls were filled with earth, grain, bits and pieces of plants, and sometimes even pieces of metal.
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Vocabulary list

hoka
noun, no adjective
  1. other (place, thing, person); the rest
  2. outside; beyond (esp. 外)
noun, adverb
  1. nothing except; nothing but; nothing apart from; nothing aside from; no choice (but to) (as 〜ほか〜ない, usu. after より or the dictionary form of a verb)
  2. besides...; in addition to... (often as ほかに)
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bunka
noun
  1. culture; civilization; civilisation
  2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
de
particle
  1. at; in (indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form)
  2. at; when (indicates time of action)
  3. by; with (indicates means of action)
conjunction
  1. and then; so
auxiliary
  1. and; then (indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types)
particle
  1. let me tell you; don't you know (at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.)
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
booru
noun
  1. ball
  2. ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone)
  3. bowl
  4. board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
niha
expression, particle
  1. to; for; on; in; at (emphasises word marked by に)
  2. in order to; for
  3. as for; regarding (indicates respect for subject of sentence)
  4. while it is (was) the case that ...; indeed ... (but); certainly ... (but) (as AにはAが...; emphasizes the repeated word, followed by a contrasting statement)
ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
do
noun
  1. Saturday
  2. earth; dirt; soil (orig. meaning)
  3. land; lands; ground
  4. earth (third of the five elements)
kokumotsu
noun, no adjective
  1. grain; cereal; corn
komagomatoshita
noun or verb acting prenominally
  1. sundry; various; assorted
komagoma
adverb, adverb taking the to particle, suru verb
  1. minutely; in detail; with particular attention
tosuru

Plain Past Indicative Form

toshita
expression, suru verb (irregular)
  1. to try to ...; to be about to do ... (after the volitional form of verb)
  2. to decide to ... (after the dictionary form of verb)
  3. to take as; to treat as; to regard as
  4. to use for
  5. to suppose that (such) is the case; to assume
  6. to decide that; to think that
  7. to make into; to change into
  8. to feel (e.g. after sound symbolism or psychological experience word); to look; to feel like
  9. to intend; to have the intention (with を目的)
adverb taking the to particle
to
particle
  1. with
suru

Plain Past Indicative Form

shita
suru verb (irregular)
  1. to do; to carry out; to perform
  2. to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  3. to serve as; to act as; to work as
  4. to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  5. to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as (as 〜にする,〜とする)
  6. to decide on; to choose (as 〜にする)
suru verb (irregular), intransitive verb
  1. to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.) (as 〜がする)
  2. to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  3. to be worth; to cost
  4. to pass (of time); to elapse
suru verb (irregular), transitive verb
  1. to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B (as AをBにする)
  2. to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B (as AをBにする)
  3. to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B (as AをBにする)
  4. to feel A about B (as AをBにする)
suffix, suru verb (irregular)
  1. verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
auxiliary verb, suru verb (irregular)
  1. creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  2. to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to (as 〜うとする,〜ようとする)
shokubutsu
noun
  1. plant; vegetation
ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
mata
adverb
  1. again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
  2. also; too; as well; likewise
  3. on the other hand; while
conjunction
  1. and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
  2. or; otherwise
adverb
  1. really; how; (what, why) on earth (expresses surprise, shock, doubt, etc.)
prefix
  1. indirect
toki
noun
  1. time; hour; moment (刻 signifies a time of day; 秋 signifies an important time)
noun, adverb
  1. occasion; case
noun
  1. chance; opportunity; season
  2. the times; the age; the day
  3. tense
niha
expression, particle
  1. to; for; on; in; at (emphasises word marked by に)
  2. in order to; for
  3. as for; regarding (indicates respect for subject of sentence)
  4. while it is (was) the case that ...; indeed ... (but); certainly ... (but) (as AにはAが...; emphasizes the repeated word, followed by a contrasting statement)
ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
kinzokuhen
noun
  1. piece of metal
kinzoku
noun
  1. metal
hen
counter
  1. counter for scraps, fragments, petals, etc.
sae
particle
  1. even
  2. (if) only; just; as long as (in a conditional clause; indicates the only thing needed)
  3. besides; on top of that; what's more
mo
particle
  1. too; also; in addition; as well; (not) either (in a negative sentence)
  2. both A and B; A as well as B; neither A nor B (in a negative sentence) (as AもBも)
  3. even; as much as; as many as; as far as; as long as; no less than; no fewer than (used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.)
  4. even if; even though; although; in spite of (often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.)
adverb
  1. further; more; again; another; the other
ga
particle
  1. indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)
  2. indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)
conjunction
  1. but; however; still; and
  2. regardless of; whether (or not) (after the volitional form of a verb)
ippai
noun, no adjective
  1. amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic)
na adjective
  1. full
noun
  1. one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat
adverb, no adjective, na adjective
  1. fully; to capacity
  2. a lot; much
noun, used as a suffix, noun, adverb
  1. all of ...; the entire ...
ni
particle
  1. at (place, time); in; on; during
  2. to (direction, state); toward; into
  3. for (purpose)
  4. because of (reason); for; with
  5. by; from
  6. as (i.e. in the role of)
  7. per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")
  8. and; in addition to
  9. if; although
tsumekomu

Passive Plain te-form

tsumekomarete
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to cram; to stuff; to jam; to squeeze; to compress; to pack; to crowd
Suffix after the te form of a verb
iru

Plain Past Indicative Form

ita
ichidan verb, auxiliary verb
  1. to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing (after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state)
nodesu
expression
  1. the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ... (の and ん add emphasis)
no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
da

Polite Present Indicative Form

desu
copula
  1. be; is (plain copula)
auxiliary verb
  1. did; (have) done (た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action)
  2. please; do (indicates light imperative)

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