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Furigana Show|Add to ▼ Source Totoeba Project
Once divorced from key questions of national culture and identity, comparative literature loses its way.
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Vocabulary list

kokka
noun
  1. state; country; nation
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no
particle
  1. indicates possessive (occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之)
  2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives
  3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases
  4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion (often ん)
  5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis
  6. (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
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bunka
noun
  1. culture; civilization; civilisation
  2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
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to
particle, conjunction
  1. if; when
  2. and
particle
  1. with
  2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
noun
  1. promoted pawn
particle
  1. indicates a question (at sentence end)
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aidentiti
noun
  1. identity
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toiu
expression
  1. called; named; that says; that
  2. as many as; as much as (after a quantity)
  3. all ...; every single ... (as ...という...)
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suuyou
na adjective, no adjective, noun
  1. (most) important; principal; pivotal; key; cardinal
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na
particle
  1. don't (prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb)
  2. do (imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb)
interjection
  1. hey; listen; you
particle
  1. now, ...; well, ...; I tell you!; you know (when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end)
  2. wow; ooh (used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end)
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mondai
noun
  1. question (e.g. on a test); problem
  2. problem (e.g. societal, political); question; issue; subject (e.g. of research); case; matter
  3. question (i.e. doubt)
  4. public discussion; controversy
  5. trouble; problem; inconvenience; difficulty
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kara
particle
  1. from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since
  2. from (originator); by
  3. because; since (follows verbs, adjectives)
  4. out of (constituent, part)
  5. through (e.g. window, vestibule)
  6. after; since (following the te-form of a verb)
  7. expresses sympathy or warning
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kirihanasu

Passive Plain Past Indicative Form

kirihanasareta
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to detach; to decapitate; to cut loose; to let loose; to dismember
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jiten
noun
  1. point in time; occasion
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de
particle
  1. at; in (indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form)
  2. at; when (indicates time of action)
  3. by; with (indicates means of action)
conjunction
  1. and then; so
auxiliary
  1. and; then (indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types)
particle
  1. let me tell you; don't you know (at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.)
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hikakubunka
noun, no adjective
  1. cross-cultural; comparative culture
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hikaku
noun, suru verb, no adjective
  1. comparison
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bunka
noun
  1. culture; civilization; civilisation
  2. Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
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ha
particle
  1. topic marker particle (pronounced わ in modern Japanese)
  2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)
  3. adds emphasis
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sono
pre-noun adjectival
  1. that; the (something or someone distant from the speaker, close to the listener; actions of the listener, or ideas expressed or understood by the listener)
  2. part (as in "part two") (preceding a number)
interjection
  1. um ...; er ...; uh ...
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houkousei
noun
  1. trend; course of action; direction
  2. directionality; directivity; orientation
no adjective
  1. directional; vectorial
noun
  1. goal; aim
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houkou
noun
  1. direction; orientation; bearing; way
  2. course (e.g. of action)
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sei
noun
  1. nature (of a person)
  2. sex
  3. gender
suffix
  1. -ty; -ity; -ness; -cy (indicating quality or condition)
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wo
particle
  1. indicates direct object of action
  2. indicates subject of causative expression
  3. indicates an area traversed
  4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place
  5. indicates point of departure or separation of action
  6. indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
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ushinau
godan verb, transitive verb
  1. to lose
  2. to miss (a change, opportunity)
  3. to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of
  4. to concede (goals, points, etc.)
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