difference between "は", "が", "を", etc?

(i forgot what these kinds of words are called, whoops) i sort of know the way these words are used but i can't tell the difference between their meanings? like, how do they affect the subject? (ex. 君は / が / を) do these words significantly affect the way the sentence is translated? does it have something to do with proper / improper nouns???

i know は means "is/are" but when replaced with が or を i sort of get lost

im familiar with の but i have a similar problem with と and も (whats the difference ??? dont they both mean "and"???)

sorry if this is a stupid question but this has been throwing me off for a while. im also unfamiliar with posting on forums, so if this post is completely nonsense please excuse it lol. some example sentences would be nice!

は (wa):
The particle は marks the topic of a sentence. It is used to introduce the subject or to emphasize a particular element. It doesn't directly translate to "is/are." Instead, it sets the topic or theme of the sentence. For example:
私は学生です。(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) - "As for me, I am a student."
が (ga):
The particle が is used to mark the subject of a sentence. It indicates who or what performs the action. It can also be used to emphasize the subject or to introduce new information. For example:
彼が来た。(Kare ga kita.) - "He came."
を (wo):
The particle を is used to mark the direct object of a sentence. It shows the target of an action or what is being affected. For example:
本を読みます。(Hon o yomimasu.) - "I read a book."
の (no):
The particle の is used to indicate possession or to create a modifier relationship between two nouns. It can be translated as "of" or "'s" in English. For example:
私の本 (Watashi no hon) - "My book"
と (to):
The particle と is used to indicate a connection or a list of items. It can mean "and" or "with" depending on the context. For example:
友達と食事に行く (Tomodachi to shokuji ni iku) - "I'm going to eat with my friend(s)."
も (mo):
The particle も is used to indicate inclusion or addition. It means "also" or "too" and is used to add another item or person to what has already been mentioned. For example:
私も行きます (Watashi mo ikimasu) - "I'm going too."
These particles play crucial roles in sentence structure and help convey specific meanings and relationships between words. While they may have some overlapping translations in English, their functions in Japanese are distinct.